This column contains a correction.
Tomorrow, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics will release the employment report for the month of August.* This monthly ritual has recently shed light on two very important but notably clashing forces in discussions on the labor market. The first is that, undoubtedly, the labor market is economically healthier today than at any other point since the Great Recession. The national unemployment rate for the month of July remained unchanged at 5.3 percent, a record low in this recovery and nearly half its peak of 10 percent in October 2009. And, in the past year alone, the labor market has seen robust job growth at an average rate of about 243,000 jobs per month. The flip side of the coin, however, shows that there is considerable room for growth in the labor market as this recovery continues to fall below historical standards.
Here’s a quick look at six labor trends to watch for as we approach the release of the upcoming report.
Job growth in this recovery falls short by historical standards
There were 11.1 million more jobs in July 2015 than in June 2009.** During this same time period, the private sector added 11.8 million jobs. In July 2015 alone, the private sector added 215,000 jobs to the economy, marking 65 months of consecutive private sector job growth.
Overall, job growth has been particularly robust over the past year with an average growth of about 243,000 jobs per month. However, job growth in this recovery continues to trail behind previous economic expansions. During the economic expansion of the 1990s, for example, the economy added at least 250,000 jobs per month 49 times. During the current expansion, which has now lasted more than half as long, we have seen only 13 months of job growth greater than 250,000, which includes abnormal hiring involved with conducting the decennial census. Meanwhile, at the average rate of job growth over the past three years, The Hamilton Project estimates that we may not reach our former level of employment, when factoring in new labor-force entrants, until as late as mid-2017.***
Headline unemployment hits a record low, but other economic measures show room for improvement
July 2015 marked the 11th consecutive month that the headline unemployment rate—otherwise known as U-3—was below 6 percent. The headline unemployment rate held steady at 5.3 percent, which—since the end of the Great Recession in June 2009—is a record low. While this does mark significant progress in the recovery, it is important to remember that there are broader measures of unemployment that paint a clearer picture of the employment situation.
U-3, the typical measure, is pretty restrictive, as it counts the percentage of people who are actively looking for work but cannot find it. U-3 does not, however, capture the millions of people who want jobs but have given up looking or who would like full-time work but cannot find it in this economy. Perhaps the most comprehensive unemployment measure, called U-6, alleviates this problem by including marginally attached workers—those who have recently looked for work but are not currently looking—and those working part time but who would prefer full-time work. U-6 is always higher than U-3, but it has gotten a lot higher since the recession, and the gap has hardly changed over the past year.
Another important measure is the labor-force participation rate. When the economy is doing well, more people typically enter the labor market because there are more jobs available. So one should expect the labor-force participation rate to be increasing in the aftermath of the recession. However, it hasn’t been. Rather, it has declined steadily since the recession’s end and is as low today as it was in the late 1970s, when women entering the workforce became the norm. Even with the recent economic gains, labor-force participation is still stuck where it was at the end of 2013.
Long-term unemployment is down sharply but still remains high
In July 2015, long-term unemployment was at a record low, hitting less than one-third of its postrecession peak. Today, while down sharply, the number of long-term unemployed people is still almost as high as its highest prerecession level on record. There are still nearly 2.2 million Americans who have been unemployed for half a year or longer and are still actively searching for work. Nearly 26.9 percent of all unemployed workers fall into this long-term unemployed category. The average length of time someone has spent unemployed is about seven months, well above what it was right before the recession.
Stronger employment growth in low-wage industries contributes to overall slow wage growth
As depicted above, the labor market has experienced significant gains in employment in this recovery, but growth remains slow by historical standards. Slow employment growth has caused slack in the labor market, thereby leading to stagnation in real wage growth. Continuing the trend of the past 30 years, while corporate profit growth has been strong, middle-class workers continue to grapple with the challenges of rising costs and slow wage growth.
Part of the reason that real wage growth remains stagnant is because the recovery has come with stronger employment growth in low-wage industries. Jobs in low-wage industries—such as accommodation and food services, temporary help services, retail trade, and long-term health care— make securing a middle-class lifestyle incredibly difficult. These jobs account for nearly two-fifths of all new jobs added since the labor market bottomed out in February 2010. While these workers make up a significant fraction of what growth this economy has had, their wages remain subpar, growing at rates well below their industry counterparts.
Conclusion
While meaningful progress has been made since the end of the Great Recession, it is important to remember that many Americans are still suffering from its effects. It’s not exactly a secret that the Great Recession was much deeper than any other recession in recent memory, and slack in this recovery still remains. Identifying the exact cause of the considerable slack in the labor market is a challenge—maybe it’s the underperformance of the housing sector or of Congress—but the slack in the economy is real. Many people who want full-time work are still missing from the labor force or are working fewer hours than they would like. These workers are the key to raising the nation’s potential economic output and future gross domestic product, or GDP. Beyond employment gains, wages had stalled before the recession and they have yet to accelerate in the recovery. It’s hard to predict what they will do as the economy picks up steam, but so far workers seem to be slowly coming off the sidelines, raising employment but tempering wage growth. However, this cannot happen forever, and as the expansion continues it is important for economic modeling to reflect responses to and changes in the real world.
* Correction, September 22, 2015: This column incorrectly stated the month of the employment release. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics released the employment report for the month of August on September 4.
** Correction, September 22, 2015: This column incorrectly stated the job rate. There were 11.1 million more jobs in July 2015 than in June 2009.
*** Note: Authors’ calculations are based on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and The Hamilton Project’s Jobs Gap tool. See The Hamilton Project, “Closing the Jobs Gap,” available at http://www.hamiltonproject.org/jobs_gap/ (last accessed June 2015). The methodology for the authors’ estimates of labor-force dynamics is detailed in the following source: The Hamilton Project, “Understanding the ‘Jobs Gap’ and What it Says About America’s Evolving Workforce” (2012), available at http://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/understanding_the_jobs_gap_and_what_it_says_about_americas_evolving_wo/. An explanation of an updated analysis can be found here: The Hamilton Project, “An Update to The Hamilton Project’s Jobs Gap Analysis” (2014), available at http://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/an_update_to_the_hamilton_projects_jobs_gap_analysis/.
Jackie Odum is a Research Assistant for the Economic Policy team at the Center for American Progress. Danielle Corley is a Special Assistant for the Economic Policy team at the Center. Michael Madowitz is an Economist at the Center.