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Infographic: The Costs of E-Verify by Philip E. Wolgin
E-Verify—the federal government’s Internet-based system that verifies work eligibility—is slated to become the epicenter of the legislative battles over immigration reform this summer. House Judiciary Committee Chairman Lamar Smith (R-TX) introduced the Legal Workforce Act of 2011, H.R. 2164, on June 14, 2011, which would make E-Verify mandatory for all workers in the United States. It is likely to see a vote in the House by the summer recess.
E-Verify is already in use by an estimated 4 percent of American employers, but expanding it for use by all U.S. businesses, from the mom-and-pop grocery store, to the biggest employers in the nation, presents onerous and expensive challenges. The inherent technical hurdles to scaling a system up from 4 percent to 100 percent of all employers include building the necessary infrastructure to process E-Verify requests and operating it without error.
This brief seeks to arm policymakers and the public with a better understanding of the true costs of E-Verify. It explains the system’s known costs, such as lost tax revenue and monetary burdens on small businesses, and estimates the cost of additional fiscal burdens— to individuals verified through the system, to employers utilizing the system, and to the federal government in running the system—that have been absent from much of the dialogue surrounding it.
In particular, we focus on the added costs that do not get scored in government revenue estimates, such as the high legal costs to employers to defend their use of the program, the “jobs tax” that will be needlessly applied to American workers, and the increased burdens on federal agencies from new mandates. All of these numbers add up to one simple conclusion: Mandating E-Verify without legalizing all workers is too expensive, especially in these fragile economic times.
We begin with an overview to the system and its current operations, and then detail the costs to individuals, employers, and the federal government that will accrue if E-Verify is made mandatory. Finally we offer some additional notes of caution, as well as suggestions for how to improve the system before it becomes the law of the land for all U.S. employers. Our calculations are based on the present E-Verify system. While some parts of the program may be changed if the Legal Workforce Act is passed, we have based our assumptions on what we know now.
The system
E-Verify is an Internet-based system that checks the work authorization status of an individual against data held by the Department of Homeland Security and Social Security Administration. The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996, or IIRIRA, created the Basic Pilot Program, which later became known as E-Verify, and its usage has grown ever since. According to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, or USCIS, more than 225,000 employers use E-Verify, with an additional 1,000 businesses signing up each week. Since 2007, all newly hired federal employees are required to be screened through
E-Verify, and since 2009, many federal contractors and subcontractors are required to use the system as well. Five states—Arizona, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Utah—have made E-Verify mandatory for all public and private employers, and eight additional states mandate its use for some portion of their employers (mainly for hiring at state and local agencies, as well as state contractors.) Two other states—Pennsylvania and Tennessee—encourage use of E-Verify, although it is not mandatory. The Supreme Court recently upheld Arizona’s right to make E-Verify mandatory across the state, in the case Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting.
How it works
Businesses that enroll in E-Verify submit each employee’s eligibility information, currently found on the I-9 form—which includes, but is not limited to Social Security number, name, date of birth, citizenship status, and alien number—over the Internet. SSA and USCIS then check the data against their records. If the information matches the government records, the employer receives instant proof of authorization. If there is a mismatch, the employer first has the opportunity to check that the information was entered correctly, and then receives a Tentative Nonconfirmation, or TNC, which indicates that the worker has the right to contest the finding. (Noncitizens with pictures on file in the DHS database have their picture sent to the employer for confirmation that the employee is who they say they are—i.e. that there is no identity fraud.)
Under the current system, after a TNC has been issued, the employer is legally obligated to inform the employee, who then has eight working days to contact SSA and/or USCIS to sort out the matter. If the worker fails to contest, or cannot correct his or her records, E-Verify sends a Final Nonconfirmation, or FNC. Employers are expected by law to fire anyone who receives a FNC.
Large numbers of errors and limited effectiveness
A 2008 Government Accountability Office report found significant challenges to implementing E-Verify, primary among them error rates and privacy concerns with use of federal government database information. Error rates have improved since 2008, but the system is still not foolproof. A December 2009 independent estimate commissioned by USCIS and undertaken by Westat found that E-Verify had an overall error rate of 4.1 percent, significantly down from the 8.4 percent error rate of 2004. This overall rate tells only one part of the story. To get a true sense of E-Verify’s operational capacity, we must look at the accuracy rate for authorized and unauthorized workers.
Authorized worker errors
If E-Verify was made mandatory more than three-quarters of a million legal workers—including U.S. citizens—would lose their jobs because of the system’s error rate. Approximately 0.8 percent of all U.S. residents who are citizens or legally eligible to work in the country receive an erroneous TNC. A small portion of these workers, about 0.3 percent, are able to successfully contest their findings, and gain proof of work authorization. The remaining 0.5 percent are unable to correct their records and receive an equally erroneous FNC.
These are American workers, legally authorized and otherwise innocent, who will ultimately lose their jobs. A final error rate of only 0.5 percent may not seem like a particularly large number, but with an estimated 154,278,000 workers across the country, that translates out to just over 770,000 jobs lost.
And there is every reason to suggest that the true error rate for E-Verify is far higher than that reported by Westat’s statistical modeling. While Westat’s figures are reliable, they utilize only a small sampling of E-Verify queries (between April and June of 2008) to build their theoretical models. Actual results may vary widely, and if so, would significantly increase the costs and number of ordinary Americans affected by E-Verify.
Unauthorized worker errors
The system has far poorer results when it comes to unauthorized workers, catching only 46 percent of such workers. That means that more than half of all unauthorized workers have no problem getting through E-Verify, a finding Westat chalks up to identity fraud. E-Verify only has the capacity to match legal records with those submitted by the employee—it does not detect identity theft. If a worker submits a valid Social Security number, but not his or her own number, the system returns a work authorization. We as a nation have to ask ourselves: can we accept three-quarters of a million Americans losing their jobs for a system that catches unauthorized workers less than 50 percent of the time?
And, there is every reason to believe that places with a high percentage of immigrant and naturalized citizens would have a higher number of problems with a system like E-Verify. According to Westat, naturalized citizens are more than 30 times more likely to receive a TNC than U.S.-born workers. What these findings tell us is that areas with higher concentrations of immigrants and new Americans will have a harder time coping with the effects of E-Verify.
Higher error rates in Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County provides a serious note of caution that the real error rates may be far higher than those found by Westat. The county began using the Basic Pilot Program (rebranded as “E-Verify” in 2007) for all new public employees in September of 1998. A recent study of the county’s experiences under E-Verify found that for the vast majority TNCs issued, and even the majority of FNCs issued, E-Verify, rather than the employee, was in the wrong.
In 2008 for example, 2.6 percent of all hires (254 out of 9,958) received a TNC. Most of the employees who received a mismatch were able to resolve their status, so only 27 total employees received an FNC. Still, L.A. County ultimately only terminated six employees because of work ineligibility; the other 21 FNCs were found to be in error. In 2009, there were 79 TNCs issued, (1.8 percent of the 4,397 queries) but only one person was terminated because of ineligibility.
Averaging out the percentage of incorrect TNCs from 2008 and 2009 brings the error rate for legally authorized workers in L.A. County to 2.3 percent—far higher than the 0.8 percent figure Westat found. If the national error rate ends up being closer to L.A. County’s than to Westat’s, 3,548,601 total individuals—almost three times as many as previously estimated—would receive an erroneous TNC.
We now turn to the costs from E-Verify for individual Americans, employers, and the federal government.
The costs of E-Verify
High costs are a “jobs tax” on workers
The E-Verify system imposes what is effectively a “jobs tax” on ordinary Americans, who shoulder the burdens of acquiring the proper documentation needed for E-Verify processing, as well as resolving TNCs. While the current employment verification process, using I-9 forms, allows for a range of documents to prove identification, the E-Verify system requires that employers accept only identification that contains a picture.
According to a 2008 federal government regulatory impact analysis, or RIA, on a proposal to mandate E-Verify use for federal contractors, 0.5 percent of all people run through E-Verify do not currently have a photo ID, and would need to acquire one to use the system. Using the RIA calculation, we estimate that more than 770,000 people will be required to spend a minimum of $128 (for workers at the federal minimum wage,) on average $225 (for workers at the national average hourly wage,) and as much as $429 (for workers at the average government contract salary) in lost wages and transportation costs to get a proper ID card. These costs would come out of the employee’s own pocket, and do not take into account ancillary costs, such as arranging for childcare needs. As a Brennan Center for Justice report argues, poor and minority workers disproportionately lack photo identification, and as such will be especially affected by mandatory E-Verify. While not all workers will make as much as government contractors, or as little as the federal minimum wage, most Americans lacking a photo ID will have to spend close to $225 of their own money.
Once the check is run through the system, 0.8 percent (using Westat’s error rate) to 2.3 percent (using LA County’s error rate) of all legally authorized employees will receive a TNC, alerting them that their submitted information does not match the official government records. Most TNCs must be resolved in person at a Social Security Administration office. Using the RIA calculations, we estimate that it will cost each of the 1.2 to 3.5 million legally authorized workers on average $190 of their own money in lost wages and travel time to resolve. Unlucky individuals who need a photo ID and receive a TNC could end up spending $415 just to gain access to a job that they have already secured.
Estimates of the cost to resolve a TNC at an SSA office will also be far higher for certain individuals. The RIA estimates are based on the average distance that it would take an individual to travel to the nearest SSA office, calculated at 60 miles round trip. If, for example, you lived in a more remote area of the country, say Camp Wood, Texas, the closest SSA office would be in Kerrville, Texas. Resolving a TNC in Kerrville would require traveling more than 90 miles in each direction, adding an additional cost of $70. If you live in Hyannis, Nebraska, the nearest SSA office is in North Platte, Nebraska, requiring roughly 110 miles of travel in each direction, adding an additional cost of $94.
Now imagine that you are one “99ers,” one of the thousands of Americans who have exhausted the maximum number of weeks allowable on unemployment insurance. Imagine you have managed to scrape by without a steady income, and have finally secured a job, only to now be told that you must spend at least $415 just to be eligible to work. Clearly this is the worst-case scenario, but how many Americans are we prepared to tax in order to expand a government program that works less than half the time for unauthorized workers?
Additional concerns for workers
An individual cannot legally be fired for receiving a TNC, and must be retained pending final verification of his or her work status. We worry, however, that unscrupulous employers will either demote, fail to pay, or otherwise discriminate against an employee who receives a TNC. Indeed, 42 percent of workers who received a TNC in 2009 were not notified of the status by their employers, robbing employees of the ability to contest, and of the ability to ultimately keep their job. Westat further found that a portion of those employers who did inform their workers about TNCs did not explain to them the procedures for contesting, or the eight-day window in which an employee may contest.
Since the Legal Workforce Act of 2011 requires employers to verify the status of their employees prior to, or on the date of hiring, we believe that many employers will simply choose the more expedient route of not hiring an employee who receives a TNC, rather than informing them of their status. When verification is part of a pre-screening process, the incentives to notify the employee are far lower.
Losing your job over an erroneous TNC or FNC has real consequences: If the Social Security Administration deems you to be an ineligible employee, you would also be ineligible for unemployment benefits. On top of the hardship of losing your job, you would not even be able to rely on the unemployment insurance safety net while sorting out your information within the SSA system, or searching for a new position.
Implementation costs are crushing for employers
Employers would shoulder much of the burden of implementing E-Verify if it was made mandatory for all businesses in the United States. A recent Bloomberg Government study found that E-Verify would have cost small businesses $2.6 billion had it been mandatory in 2010. These companies represent 99.7 percent of all employers, and have created 64 percent of net new jobs over the past decade and a half, according to the U.S. Small Business Administration. With an unemployment rate at 9.1 percent in May 2011, and the economic recovery of small businesses still precarious, does it really make sense to burden our nation’s jobs creators with an additional $2.6 billion per year?
Bloomberg estimates that the average cost to run E-Verify for a small business will be around $435 per year. The start-up costs, however, can be much higher. The government’s Regulatory Impact Analysis identified a number costs associated with implementing E-Verify, including costs due to:
- Hiring a human resources manager to enroll the business in E-Verify
- Retaining legal counsel to review the Memorandum-of-Understanding required for access to E-Verify
- Paying employees for time needed to review existing I-9 employee information
- Acquiring the necessary computer equipment, printer, and Internet access
- Training employees to run the system
The RIA also estimated costs incurred for the first year in which government contractors (covered under the rule subject to analysis) used E-Verify:
- Businesses with 10 employees would have to pay on average $1,254
- Businesses with 50 employees would pay $3,163
- Businesses with 100 employees would pay $5,515
- Businesses with 500 employees would pay $24,422
The initial year, the RIA points out, “is expected to be the year with the highest compliance cost, as the contractor is incurring both the start-up costs of enrolling in E-Verify as well as the costs of vetting new employees through the E-Verify system.”
All businesses using E-Verify face serious costs and challenges to implementing the system, although the system’s costs to small businesses are potentially more debilitating. How many small businesses and mom-and-pop shops will have to close, or will be unable to open in the first place, because they cannot afford to spend more than a thousand dollars just to start verifying the work status of their employees?
Additional costs for employers
Both the Bloomberg and RIA estimates only include the direct costs to employers for setting up the system and running employees through it. They do not, however, take into account any of the ancillary costs associated with E-Verify, such as lost productivity from employees who have to take time off of work to fix a TNC at a local Social Security Administration office. They also do not take into account the cost of retraining a new employee a business would have to hire if a legally authorized American worker already on staff receives an erroneous FNC and must be fired. These costs may be diffused among many workers for large businesses, but for the 60 percent of small businesses with fewer than five employees, the retraining expenses can be devastating.
Importantly as well, E-Verify is not a magical pill that immunizes companies from prosecution, from Immigration and Customs Enforcement raids, or from costly legal fees. Take the case of Pilgrim’s Pride Corporation, the largest chicken producer in the United States. ICE raided five Pilgrim’s Pride sites in April of 2008 and arrested more than 300 individuals on suspicion of identity theft and unauthorized presence in the United States. The company “prided” itself on having each and every one of its plants enrolled in E-Verify, and had “relied on the ICE Best Hiring Practices in designing its immigration compliance practices.” Since E-Verify does not detect identity fraud, the company was still open to charges of hiring unauthorized workers. Even with high standards and E-Verify usage, Pilgrim’s Pride ultimately settled with the federal government to avoid criminal charges—to the tune of $4,500,000.
While E-Verify does not protect employers against raids or audits, it also has resulted in added legal burdens to employers. One lawyer experienced in E-Verify claims, who wished to remain anonymous, stated that the system “is a gold mine for lawyers” because of the high costs of setting up a compliance system, and of fending off federal government audits. Arranging an internal system to comply with work verification requirements is one of biggest and most costly aspects to implementing E-Verify. The U.S. clothing retailer Abercrombie & Fitch, for example, was fined just over $1 million in 2010 for discrepancies in the company’s electronic I-9 record keeping system—a process similar to that which would be necessary for using the E-Verify system—illustrating that keeping the type of records necessary for E-Verify is no simple matter, and can become quite costly. The same lawyer pointed out that even the threat of an audit can affect the workforce, as employees get wind of a federal government action and leave the worksite, harming production and ultimately costing the employer significantly.
More basically, as an Internet-based system, E-Verify requires that businesses actually have the capability to access the Internet. While President Obama made broadband Internet access a hallmark of his 2011 State of the Union Address, the fact of the matter is that many homes and businesses in the United States still lack Internet connectivity. Exact figures are not available, but we do know that high-speed Internet coverage is lower in rural areas, and that many small businesses will struggle to comply with the new demands. In West Virginia, for example, only an estimated 75 percent of households and businesses are connected to broadband, while in Michigan only 70 percent are connected. In Tennessee, only 65 percent of businesses subscribe to broadband.
We believe that the government will ultimately be forced to find a solution for these Internet-less employers, which will cost significant amounts of money. As an example of a proposed solution, the “Conceptual Proposal for Immigration Reform” put forth by Sens. Harry Reid (D-NV), Chuck Schumer (D-NY), and Robert Menendez (D-NJ) in April of 2010, proposed that United States Post Offices and other government offices be fitted with the technological capability for employers to come in and verify the status of their workers. One can only imagine how much that would cost the federal government.
E-Verify would slash tax revenue and require massive federal spending
The costs to the federal government of mandating E-Verify are twofold: the revenue lost from undocumented workers no longer paying taxes, and the amount of money needed to operate the system.
Revenue lost due to E-Verify
An estimate by the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office of the SAVE Act of 2008, H.R. 4088, found that mandating E-Verify across the nation without legalizing the undocumented workforce would result in $17.3 billion in lost revenue over 10 years. According to the CBO, the decrease “largely reflects the judgment that mandatory verification… would result in an increase in the number of undocumented workers being paid outside the tax system.”
Rather than accomplish the restrictionist goal of “attrition through enforcement”—of making life so difficult for unauthorized immigrants that they leave the country—the CBO estimated that a good number of the people currently paying taxes and contributing to the economy would be paid off the books in the underground cash economy, with no federal government tax gains. And this revenue is not trivial. A study by the Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy found that unauthorized immigrants paid a total of $11.2 billion in state and local taxes in 2010. The high cost of the mandatory E-Verify provision was one of the primary factors that sank the SAVE Act.
Costs to operate E-Verify
In a 2008 Government Accountability Office report, the Department of Homeland Security estimated that mandating E-Verify for all employers would cost between $765 million (if only new hires were run through the system) and $838 million (if all employees, current and new, were verified) for FY 2009 to FY 2012. The Social Security Administration estimated it would cost $281 million, and require 700 additional employees between FY 2009 and 2013.
A more recent GAO report, citing statistics from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, or USCIS, argues that even retaining E-Verify as a voluntary system—without a mandate that E-Verify be used across the country—will cost $508 million through FY 2020. The GAO report deemed even this high estimate to be only “partially accurate” and “minimally credible” because of the lack of independent cost estimates and because the figure fails to account for a range of other potential costs to the federal government. The GAO specifically stated that “USCIS’s cost estimates do not reliably depict current E-Verify cost and resource needs or cost and resource needs for mandatory implementation.” SSA did not fare much better, with the GAO concluding that “while SSA’s cost estimates substantially depict current E-Verify costs and resource needs, SSA has not fully assessed the extent to which its workload costs may change in the future.”
In actuality, it will probably cost the government far more to set up the massive bureaucracy needed to service and maintain E-Verify across the country. The government will be forced to create this unwieldy new bureaucracy to identify just 46 percent of unauthorized workers. This increase in the size of the federal government and in government spending will come at a time when Congress claims to want to cut back and reduce the deficit.
The costs to hire new personnel, increase technological capacity, and verify new hires have been factored into the cost estimates reported in the above GAO report. But making E-Verify mandatory across the United States will unquestionably trigger costs above and beyond those that directly affect the E-Verify sections of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Social Security Administration.
First and foremost are the costs to the government of individuals fixing their SSA TNCs and procuring photo IDs. If E-Verify is made mandatory, anywhere from 1,234,296 Americans (using Westat’s error rate of 0.8 percent) to 3,548,601 Americans (using LA County’s error rate of 2.3 percent) will receive an erroneous TNC, and be required to go to an SSA office to resolve it. We estimate that it will take one full hour of time on the part of an SSA worker to fix a TNC. Conservatively estimating the hourly wages of SSA Claims Representatives, the officials who establish Social Security eligibility, it will cost the government $14.90 of work time to resolve each individual claim. Multiplying that by the total number of erroneous claims brings the total cost to the federal government just to resolve TNCs between $18,391,010 and $52,874,155.
Hourly pay rates for employees at Departments of Motor Vehicles, one of the locations where an estimated 770,000 Americans will be required to obtain photo ID, vary by state, but we can assume that costs will be similarly high. And additional work hours and salary costs are not the only variable—the burden of processing millions of SSA mismatches could easily overwhelm already overburdened SSA offices. These costs do not even take into account the necessity of defending the federal legislation against lawsuits, or of setting up and running a review board to ensure that errors are corrected in a timely fashion.
Finally, the Legal Workforce Act of 2011 significantly extends the mandate of DHS and SSA in operating E-Verify. Section 10 of the bill instructs both agencies to create a program “in which Social Security account numbers that have been identified to be subject to unusual multiple use…[to] be blocked from use.” In addition to blocking misused Social Security numbers, both agencies are required to create a system whereby individuals who suffer from identity fraud can petition for their Social Security number to be suspended for use in the system. SSA would also be required to:
- Issue no-match letters on every worker who it identifies as having a mismatch (over 10 million)
- Generate letters to every employer with a mistake on their W-2
- Send letters to workers when their Social Security number is used at more than one job
- Send letters to the employer of workers suspected of using a false Social Security number
While all of these provisions are admirable, they will heavily increase the workloads of both agencies, require many more federal employees to be hired to deal with the demand, and raise the already high costs of implementing the program by hundreds of millions of dollars.
The better solution: Phasing in E-Verify, adding triggers, and legalizing undocumented workers
Immediately implementing E-Verify for all employers across the country means mandating a program that will knock U.S. workers off the payrolls and into the underground economy, reward unscrupulous employers, encourage identity fraud, and fail to detect unauthorized workers. It will undermine the nation’s core economic and security interests.
Here are our recommendations for a more pragmatic and effective solution:
- Phase E-Verify in gradually over a period of five to 10 years. This would ensure that the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, or USCIS, and Social Security Administration, or SSA, are able to meet the technical and infrastructure challenges with scaling up the system while continuing to improve their accuracy rates.
- Ensure that no small business would be required to join E-Verify until USCIS and SSA can prove an accuracy rate of 99.99 percent for legally authorized Americans. We strongly believe that no small business should be required to use the E-Verify system until the error rate for legally authorized Americans is less than .01 percent. No American should lose their job simply because of a government mandated system. By putting a trigger into the bill, Congress will ensure that the system only catches those people without legal status, rather than ordinary, innocent Americans. The system must also have an easily accessible review process, so that mistakes are caught and fixed in a timely manner.
Furthermore, by beginning with large businesses (those with more than 500 employees, as defined by the Small Business Administration) Congress would ensure that all of the kinks are worked out of the system before small businesses—those that would incur the heaviest financial costs—would be required to join. We support granting hardship waivers for those businesses with fewer than 20 employees, as well as businesses in areas that lack substantial broadband Internet coverage.
- Apply E-Verify only to new hires. Limiting E-Verify only to new hires will similarly decrease the strains on USCIS and SSA, without sacrificing coverage.
- Join E-Verify with a program establishing a legal workforce. Mandatory E-Verify must be paired with a program that ensures the current workforce is authorized to work. Currently, the system has an error rate for undocumented immigrants of 54 percent, meaning that more than half of unauthorized workers have no problem making it through verification. A program requiring all of the undocumented individuals currently in the United States to register and undergo background checks will cut down on identity fraud and lead to higher accuracy rates.
This legalization program would follow the guidelines that the president laid out in his recent “Blueprint on Immigration Reform,” would include tough but fair penalties, would require immigrants to pay back taxes, and learn English and civics, and would ensure that no undocumented immigrants “cut the line” by gaining legal status ahead of people already waiting for visas. As it currently stands, immigrants who are kicked off the legal rolls with mandatory E-Verify will simply move into the informal economy (at a cost to the federal government of $17.3 billion, according to the Congressional Budget Office,) where they pay no income or payroll taxes. A program of earned legalization will bring all of these workers out of the shadows and will make sure that they, and their employers, contribute fully to the tax base.
As currently operated, E-Verify imposes a jobs tax on individuals and businesses, and costs the federal government a significant amount of money. It does not have to be so, nor do ordinary Americans have to lose their jobs in the service of catching unauthorized immigrants.
Philip E. Wolgin is an Immigration Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress. He would like to acknowledge Marshall Fitz, Director of Immigration Policy, and Tyler Moran, Policy Director at the National Immigration Law Center, for their invaluable research and editing assistance.
Download this issue brief (pdf)
Download the accompanying fact sheet (pdf)
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Infographic: The Costs of E-Verify by Philip E. Wolgin