Abstinence-only Shortchanges Students: States Move Toward Alternative Sex-Ed Models

ISSUE BRIEFING

Each year in the United States, nearly 9.1 million young people between 15 and 24 years old contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI), and more than 800,000 young women between 15 and 19 years old become pregnant. To "address" these challenges, the federal government has invested a billion dollars over the past decade in "abstinence only until marriage" sexuality education. These programs are designed to discourage youth from engaging in sexual activity, often by relying on scare tactics, misinformation, and gender stereotypes. Even worse, they provide no accurate information about condoms and other forms of contraception that prevent STIs and unwanted pregnancies.

According to the Journal of Adolescent Health, peer-reviewed scientific data does not demonstrate the effectiveness of abstinence-only programs in delaying the initiation of sexual intercourse. Representative Henry Waxman (D-CA) released a report two years ago showing that two-thirds of the curricula most commonly used in federally funded abstinence-only programs contained serious medical inaccuracies, including misinformation about HIV and other STIs and condom effectiveness.

Yet peer-reviewed scientific research indicates that implementing comprehensive sex education programs can reduce risky behaviors among youth. Comprehensive sexuality education, like abstinence-only education, emphasizes the benefits of delaying sex, but it also includes substantial, medically accurate information about contraception and STIs. And research shows that, contrary to opponents' claims, comprehensive sexuality education does not promote earlier onset of sexual activity or increased numbers of sexual partners.

A recent study by the University of Pennsylvania found that the public overwhelmingly favors "medically accurate, age-appropriate [sex] education that includes information about both contraception and abstinence, as opposed to abstinence-only." But the Bush administration's consistent support for abstinence-only education indicates that a change in federal policy may be difficult to achieve.

Comprehensive sexuality education advocates are still hoping that the new congressional leadership will be able to use its leverage to push the Responsible Education About Life Act through Congress and into law. This legislation, to be introduced this Thursday (March 22) by Representative Barbara Lee (D-CA) and Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ), would provide federal money to support responsible sex education in schools, allocating $206 million over five years.

States also have the ability to reject the federal government's ineffective approach by instituting their own state-financed comprehensive sexuality education. California was the first to do so, and Maine, New Jersey, and Wisconsin have followed by rejecting federal funding for abstinence-only education. New York, Washington, Montana, North Carolina, and other states are also currently considering legislation that would fund comprehensive sex education.

California rejected funding for abstinence-only education after experimenting with its own abstinence-only initiative in the early 1990s and finding it to be ineffective. The state changed its education code in 2003 to require schools to teach HIV/AIDS prevention and permit schools to teach comprehensive sex education.

New Jersey rejected federal funding in October 2006 after the federal government changed its regulations governing sexuality education. The government now requires that programs strictly adhere to an eight-point definition in the abstinence-only legislation, whereas regulations previously required only that state programs not be inconsistent with any of the eight points. New Jersey found that this stricter adherence conflicted with its 25-year-old core curriculum standards and its AIDS Prevention Act of 1999.

Groups like the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States and Advocates for Youth are working with states to develop guidelines and model curricula for comprehensive sex education and to provide extensive information on the differences between abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education.

Faith organizations are another group of potential allies for state leaders. The Religious Institute on Sexual Morality, Justice, and Healing released an "Open Letter to Religious Leaders on Adolescent Sexuality" last month, advocating for comprehensive sexuality education rather than abstinence-only. The letter was developed by theologians and clergy of numerous faith backgrounds. According to Institute Director Debra Haffner, "'Just Say No' can no longer be accepted as a moral response." The letter additionally calls for recognition of the sexual diversity of adolescents in congregations, including those who are sexually active and those who are gay and lesbian.

Sexuality education groups like SEICUS and Advocates for Youth, faith-based groups, and other advocacy groups like HIV/AIDS organizations offer a strong net of information and support for states considering legislative action on comprehensive sexuality education. States like California and New Jersey have proved that following the will of the American people by offering better, more effective sexuality education for their students is well within reach. States should not wait for the federal government to continue dragging its feet on the issue; we can start enacting change now.

BEST PRACTICES

Nonprofits and businesses offer comprehensive sexuality education programs like "Reducing the Risk" and "Safer Choices" to school districts across the country. State studies have found that approaches like these are effective in encouraging communication between students and parents, delaying initiation of sexual intercourse, and increasing rates of safer sex among sexually active youth. Programs like "Reducing the Risk" and "Safer Choices" are only two examples among many options; many states are also looking to implement legislation that secures funding for comprehensive sex education.

Reducing the Risk
Sociometrics Corporation's "Reducing the Risk" is a comprehensive sexuality education intervention program for students in grades nine through 12. It includes 16 classes and focuses on avoiding unprotected sexual intercourse through abstinence and contraception. Participants learn to recognize and resist peer pressure, make decisions, and negotiate safer sexual behaviors. The program also encourages students to talk to their parents about abstinence and birth control.

Separate studies in California and Arkansas found that "Reducing the Risk" participants have higher rates of communication with their parents about birth control, delayed initiation of sexual intercourse, and, in many cases, reduced incidence of unprotected sex compared to youth who received standard sexuality education classes.

Safer Choices
"Safer Choices" is a two-year high school program, also from the Sociometrics Corporation, that aims to reduce unprotected sexual intercourse by encouraging abstinence and condom use. It works to increase students' knowledge of HIV and other STIs, modify their attitudes about abstinence and condom use, boost students' confidence in their ability to avoid unprotected sex, inform them about the risk for HIV and other STIs, and encourage communication between students and parents. The program also works to involve parents and community-based services in the students' education.

Evaluations of this program in California and Texas found that, compared to students who received the standard sexuality education programs taught at their schools, participants had greater knowledge of HIV and STIs, increased condom use, and a reduced number of partners with whom they had unprotected sex.

For more information on "Reducing the Risk" and "Safer Choices," see Advocates for Youth's Science and Success: Sex Education and Other Programs That Work to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections.

New York State's Healthy Teens Act
New York's Healthy Teens Act, which passed in the state's General Assembly two years in a row, would establish a competitive grant program for school districts, community organizations, and boards of cooperative education services to teach comprehensive sexuality education. Grants would be assigned with consideration to the number of adolescent pregnancies and STI cases in a community. The legislation would also evaluate funded programs by accredited organizations.

New York's unintended teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases rates are among the highest in the nation, but the state Senate has not yet passed the legislation. State advocates will undoubtedly continue to pursue passage.

If you would like more information on how your state can implement comprehensive sexuality education, please contact us at stateprogress@americanprogress.org.


ASK THE EXPERT

State Progress writer Jeff Rakover interviews Jessica Arons, Director of the Women's Health and Rights Program at the Center for American Progress. Arons discusses why the federal government continues to fund abstinence-only sexuality education in the face of public opposition, and what arguments state leaders can make when discussing comprehensive sexuality education with constituents.

Highlights:
"[Parents] want to know that their values aren't somehow being undermined when their kids are at school and their children will go to them for guidance and advice. I think that's to be encouraged, and I think that's completely in line with what comprehensive sexuality education seeks to accomplish."

"I don't think that that is something that should be done entirely at the school. But I do think that we are abdicating our responsibility to our youth if we don't provide them with basic education about their own sexuality and development."

Read the full interview here. Or download and listen to the complete audio (.mp3, 8 min, 3.7mb)


THE WEEK AHEAD
Adam Jentleson, Manager of Congressional Affairs at the Center for American Progress, provides an overview of the Congressional week ahead. For more information please contact Adam at stateprogress@americanprogress.org.

U.S. Attorneys
The Senate will start dealing with the legislative fallout from the U.S. attorney firings on Monday when it starts debate on a bill to reverse current law that allows the administration to appoint interim federal prosecutors to indefinite terms without Senate confirmation. The bill was introduced last week by Rules Chairwoman Feinstein amid allegations from her and other Democrats that although the measure--which was an amendment to the PATRIOT Act last year--was billed as a national security reform, its real purpose was to smooth the way for a purge of U.S. attorneys viewed as politically disloyal to the White House.

Feinstein's amendment would restore the old system, under which the White House was permitted to appoint an interim federal prosecutor for only 120 days. If the nominee failed to win Senate confirmation within that time period, the appointment authority fell to the local district court.

Before voting on the Feinstein bill Tuesday, the Senate is scheduled to consider two Republican amendments, including one by Sen. Jon Kyl, R-Ariz., who has defended the firings as based on policy differences between the prosecutors and the administration. His measure is designed to prevent the White House from losing the appointment authority in the event the Senate balked at approving a replacement U.S. attorney within the 120 days.

The other amendment, by Sen. Jeff Sessions, R-Ala., would require U.S. attorney candidates to have security clearances.

Iraq Supplemental - House
House Democratic leaders late last week were still hunting the necessary 218 votes, hoping to count on perhaps a handful of GOP defectors and enough antiwar liberal members to put the supplemental over the top.

The White House has issued a veto threat over the House troop withdrawal language, and Republicans have also made an issue of almost $22 billion in spending above the president's request, including items unrelated to the war or Gulf Coast reconstruction, such as aid to Pacific Northwest salmon fishermen and additional low-income home energy assistance.

House Appropriations Chairman Obey and Defense Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman John Murtha, D-Pa., have drafted a bill with something for almost everyone, aiming for enough votes despite concerns from the party's antiwar wing that it does not do enough to end the war quickly.

Iraq Supplemental - Senate
Senate Majority Leader Reid has indicated he might try to add language scaling back the U.S. commitment in Iraq in the Senate version of the Iraq supplemental, which the Senate will mark up Thursday, while Senate Appropriations Chairman Byrd said last week he might add funds for drought relief, veterans' health, homeland security, and other priorities, similar to House Democrats' approach.

House and Senate Budget Resolution
The House and Senate Budget Committees will take up their budget resolutions this week. House Budget Chairman Spratt has said he will try to avoid trying to overhaul the major healthcare entitlement programs, but both he and his counterpart, Sen. Kent Conrad, plan to accommodate a significant expansion of the State Children's Health Insurance Program.

Spratt has also said his budget will reach balance within five years and contain a one-year "patch" for the alternative minimum tax, while the tax-writing committees get to work on a longer-term fix so the tax does not affect millions more taxpayers than it was intended for.

Farm Bill
The Senate Agriculture Committee has scheduled a hearing Wednesday on agricultural trade and food aid and how it relates to the 2007 farm bill. Government witnesses will include Michael Yost, administrator of the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service; Thomas Melito, director of the international affairs and trade team at GAO; and Charles Sandefur, chairman of the Alliance for Food Aid and president of ADRA International.

The House Agriculture Specialty Crops Subcommittee will also hold a hearing Wednesday to review USDA's rural development programs and the agency's rural development proposal for the 2007 farm bill.

CEO Pay
The House Financial Services Committee on Wednesday will mark up legislation that would require public companies to offer a nonbinding shareholder vote on approval of their executive pay plans. Supporters say the bill is necessary to help rein in the skyrocketing pay of chief executive officers.

Subprime Lending
The Senate Banking Committee holds a Thursday hearing on ongoing problems in the subprime lending market, where many lending companies are collapsing in the face of delinquent loans and an increasing number of borrowers are facing foreclosure.

Education
The House Education and Labor Committee presses on this week with a pair of hearings on the No Child Left Behind law, which is up for reauthorization this year.

Wednesday's hearing will focus on the law's current method of measuring student progress. The House panel will hear testimony Friday on the law's impact on English language learners, a group that has received much attention in recent NCLB debates. In reauthorizing the landmark law, Education and Labor Chairman Miller likely will look for alternate ways to measure the progress of ELL students whose English might not be on par with grade-level expectations.

The Senate Finance Committee addresses education Tuesday with a hearing on the much discussed issue of competitiveness.

Climate Change
The House Oversight and Government Reform Committee today holds its second hearing this year on allegations that the White House revised scientific reports to downplay the effects of climate change.

Monday's hearing features testimony from Philip Cooney, former chief of staff of CEQ, who sparked the committee's probe after he resigned in July 2005 following reports he had removed or adjusted descriptions of climate research government had approved. Cooney, who was an oil industry lobbyist before working at CEQ, and took a job with Exxon Mobil after leaving the White House. Also testifying is George Deutsch, a former NASA public affairs officer appointed by President Bush who resigned last year after he allegedly told public affairs workers to limit reporters' access to a top climate scientist.

The committee will also hear from CEQ Chairman James Connaughton and James Hansen, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

On Wednesday, former Vice President Al Gore testifies at a joint hearing of the House Energy and Commerce Energy and Air Quality Subcommittee and Science and Technology Energy and Environment Subcommittee, as well as for a separate hearing of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee.

The hearings are part of each committee's effort to draft global warming legislation that mandates reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, possibly through a cap-and-trade scheme.

Health Care
Ways and Means Health Subcommittee Chairman Fortney (Pete) Stark, D-Calif., will hold a hearing Wednesday on Medicare Advantage, Medicare's venue for private health plans. Stark has repeatedly said Medicare Advantage plans are overpaid and wants to cut back on those payments in the interest of funding other healthcare priorities.

America's Health Insurance Plans--a staunch defender of Medicare Advantage--is hoping to prime the pump against cutting back the program a day ahead of Stark's hearing. AHIP will release a survey Tuesday of beneficiaries' and physicians' opinions of Medicare Advantage.

Trade
The House Ways and Means Trade Subcommittee will hold a hearing Tuesday on free trade negotiations between the U.S. and South Korea. Korean negotiators will be in Washington this week to continue talks aimed at finalizing a deal by the end of this month. Negotiators have completed some chapters of the agreement, and made steady progress in others, but still must resolve the most difficult issues including market access in South Korea for U.S. rice and automobiles.


NEWS CLIPS
Florida Bill Calls for Parental Notification on Sexuality Education
Schools would be required to notify parents about the content of sex-education classes under a bill unanimously approved Wednesday by a Senate committee.
From the Orlando Sentinel

In-School Clinics Catch on in Illinois, Languish in Missouri
The 16-year-old student was congested, sneezing and just feeling all-around gross. So she left class at East St. Louis High School and got an appointment at the local clinic. A nurse checked her out, gave her a decongestant, and she was back in class in under an hour.
From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch

Colorado Lawmakers Weigh Adding HPV Vaccine to Immunization List
Legislators are trodding difficult territory while trying to decide whether to add the new HPV vaccine to the list of immunizations given to schoolchildren.
From Rocky Mountain News

Shortfall Endangers Kids' Health Coverage
When Jenci Ruff had trouble seeing the blackboard in third grade, her mother was worried. But without health insurance, and living paycheck to paycheck, the Knoxville family put off a doctor visit.
From theDes Moines Register

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