Abstinence-only Shortchanges
Students: States Move Toward Alternative Sex-Ed Models
ISSUE BRIEFING
Each year in the United States, nearly 9.1 million young people between
15 and 24 years old contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI),
and more than 800,000 young women between 15 and 19 years old become
pregnant. To "address" these challenges, the
federal government has invested a billion dollars over the past decade
in "abstinence only until marriage" sexuality
education. These programs are designed to discourage youth from
engaging in sexual activity, often by relying on scare tactics,
misinformation, and gender stereotypes. Even worse, they provide no
accurate information about condoms and other forms of contraception
that prevent STIs and unwanted pregnancies.
According to the Journal of Adolescent
Health,
peer-reviewed scientific
data does not demonstrate the effectiveness of abstinence-only programs
in delaying the initiation of sexual intercourse. Representative Henry
Waxman (D-CA) released a report
two years ago showing that two-thirds
of the curricula most commonly used in federally funded abstinence-only
programs contained serious medical inaccuracies, including
misinformation about HIV and other STIs and condom effectiveness.
Yet peer-reviewed scientific research
indicates that implementing
comprehensive sex education programs can reduce risky behaviors among
youth. Comprehensive sexuality education, like abstinence-only
education, emphasizes the benefits of delaying sex, but it also
includes substantial, medically accurate information about
contraception and STIs. And research shows that, contrary to
opponents' claims, comprehensive sexuality education does not
promote earlier onset of sexual activity or increased numbers of sexual
partners.
A recent
study by the University of Pennsylvania
found that the public
overwhelmingly favors "medically accurate, age-appropriate
[sex] education that includes information about both contraception and
abstinence, as opposed to abstinence-only." But the Bush
administration's consistent support for abstinence-only
education indicates that a change in federal policy may be difficult to
achieve.
Comprehensive sexuality education advocates are still hoping that the
new congressional leadership will be able to use its leverage to push
the Responsible
Education About Life Act through
Congress and into law.
This legislation, to be introduced this Thursday (March 22) by
Representative Barbara Lee (D-CA) and
Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ), would provide federal money to support
responsible sex education in schools, allocating $206 million over five
years.
States also have the ability to reject the federal
government's ineffective approach by instituting their own
state-financed comprehensive sexuality education. California was the
first to do so, and Maine, New Jersey, and Wisconsin have followed by
rejecting federal funding for abstinence-only education. New York,
Washington, Montana, North Carolina, and other states are also
currently considering legislation that would fund comprehensive sex
education.
California rejected funding for abstinence-only education after
experimenting with its own abstinence-only initiative in the early
1990s and finding it to be ineffective. The state changed its
education code in 2003 to require schools to teach HIV/AIDS prevention
and permit schools to teach comprehensive sex education.
New Jersey rejected federal funding in October 2006 after the federal
government changed its regulations governing sexuality education. The
government now requires that programs strictly adhere to an eight-point
definition in the abstinence-only legislation, whereas regulations
previously required only that state programs not be inconsistent with
any of the eight points. New Jersey found that this stricter adherence
conflicted with its 25-year-old core curriculum standards and its AIDS
Prevention Act of 1999.
Groups like the Sexuality Information
and Education Council of the
United States and Advocates
for Youth are working with
states to
develop guidelines and model curricula for comprehensive sex education
and to provide extensive information on the differences between
abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education.
Faith organizations are another group of potential allies for state
leaders. The Religious Institute on Sexual Morality, Justice, and
Healing released an "Open
Letter to Religious Leaders on
Adolescent Sexuality" last
month, advocating for
comprehensive sexuality education rather than abstinence-only. The
letter was developed by theologians and clergy of numerous faith
backgrounds. According to Institute Director Debra Haffner,
"'Just
Say No' can no longer be accepted
as a moral response." The letter
additionally calls for
recognition of the sexual diversity of adolescents in congregations,
including those who are sexually active and those who are gay and
lesbian.
Sexuality education groups like SEICUS and Advocates for Youth,
faith-based groups, and other advocacy groups like HIV/AIDS
organizations offer a strong net of information and support for states
considering legislative action on comprehensive sexuality education.
States like California and New Jersey have proved that following the
will of the American people by offering better, more effective
sexuality education for their students is well within reach. States
should not wait for the federal government to continue dragging its
feet on the issue; we can start enacting change now.
BEST PRACTICES
Nonprofits and businesses offer comprehensive sexuality education
programs like "Reducing the Risk" and
"Safer Choices" to school districts across the
country. State studies have found that approaches like these are
effective in encouraging communication between students and parents,
delaying initiation of sexual intercourse, and increasing rates of
safer sex among sexually active youth. Programs like
"Reducing the Risk" and "Safer
Choices" are only two examples among many options; many
states are also looking to implement
legislation that secures funding for comprehensive sex education.
Reducing
the Risk
Sociometrics Corporation's "Reducing the
Risk" is a comprehensive sexuality education intervention
program for students in grades nine through 12. It includes 16 classes
and focuses on avoiding unprotected sexual intercourse through
abstinence and contraception. Participants learn to recognize and
resist peer pressure, make decisions, and negotiate safer sexual
behaviors. The program also encourages students to talk to their
parents about abstinence and birth control.
Separate studies
in California and Arkansas found that
"Reducing the Risk" participants have higher rates
of communication with their parents about birth control, delayed
initiation of sexual intercourse, and,
in many cases, reduced incidence
of
unprotected sex compared to youth
who received standard sexuality education classes.
Safer
Choices
"Safer Choices" is a two-year high school program,
also from the Sociometrics Corporation,
that aims to reduce unprotected sexual intercourse by encouraging
abstinence and condom use. It works to increase students'
knowledge of HIV and other STIs, modify their attitudes about
abstinence and condom use, boost students' confidence in
their ability to avoid unprotected sex, inform them about the risk for
HIV and other STIs, and encourage communication between students and
parents. The program also works to involve parents and community-based
services in the students' education.
Evaluations of this program in California and Texas found that,
compared to students who received the standard sexuality education
programs taught at their schools, participants had greater
knowledge of HIV and STIs, increased condom use, and a reduced number
of partners with whom they had unprotected sex.
For more information on "Reducing the Risk" and
"Safer Choices," see Advocates for
Youth's Science
and Success: Sex Education and Other Programs
That Work to Prevent Teen Pregnancy,
HIV and Sexually Transmitted
Infections.
New
York State's Healthy Teens Act
New York's Healthy Teens Act, which passed in the
state's General Assembly two years in a row, would establish
a competitive grant program for school districts, community
organizations, and boards of cooperative education services to teach
comprehensive sexuality education. Grants would be assigned with
consideration to the number of adolescent pregnancies and STI cases in
a community. The legislation would also evaluate funded programs by
accredited organizations.
New York's unintended teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted
diseases rates are among the highest in the nation, but the state
Senate has not yet passed the legislation. State advocates will
undoubtedly continue to pursue passage.
If
you would like more information on how your state can implement
comprehensive sexuality education, please contact us at stateprogress@americanprogress.org.
ASK THE EXPERT
State Progress writer Jeff Rakover interviews Jessica Arons, Director
of the Women's Health and Rights Program at the Center for
American Progress. Arons discusses why the federal government continues
to fund abstinence-only sexuality education in the face of public
opposition, and what arguments state leaders can make when discussing
comprehensive sexuality education with constituents.
Highlights:
"[Parents] want to know that their values aren't
somehow being undermined when their kids are at school and their
children will go to them for guidance and advice. I think
that's to be encouraged, and I think that's
completely in line with what comprehensive sexuality education seeks to
accomplish."
"I
don't think that that is something that should be done
entirely at the school. But I do think that we are abdicating our
responsibility to our youth if we don't provide them with
basic education about their own sexuality and development."
Read
the full interview here.
Or download and listen to the complete
audio (.mp3, 8 min, 3.7mb)
THE WEEK AHEAD
Adam
Jentleson, Manager of
Congressional Affairs at the Center for American Progress, provides an
overview of the Congressional week ahead. For more information please
contact Adam at stateprogress@americanprogress.org.
U.S.
Attorneys
The Senate will start dealing with the legislative fallout from the
U.S. attorney firings on Monday when it starts debate on a bill to
reverse current law that allows the administration to appoint interim
federal prosecutors to indefinite terms without Senate confirmation.
The bill was introduced last week by Rules Chairwoman Feinstein amid
allegations from her and other Democrats that although the
measure--which was an amendment to the PATRIOT Act last
year--was
billed as a national security reform, its real
purpose was to smooth the way for a
purge of U.S. attorneys viewed as politically disloyal to the White
House.
Feinstein's amendment would restore the old system, under
which the White House was permitted to appoint an interim federal
prosecutor for only 120 days. If the nominee failed to win Senate
confirmation within that time period, the appointment authority fell to
the local district court.
Before voting on the Feinstein bill Tuesday, the Senate is scheduled to
consider two Republican amendments, including one by Sen. Jon Kyl,
R-Ariz., who has defended the firings as based on policy differences
between the prosecutors and the administration.
His measure is designed to prevent the White House from losing the
appointment authority in the event the Senate balked at approving a
replacement U.S. attorney within the 120 days.
The other amendment, by Sen. Jeff
Sessions, R-Ala., would require U.S.
attorney candidates to have security clearances.
Iraq
Supplemental - House
House Democratic leaders late last week were still hunting the
necessary 218 votes, hoping to count on perhaps a handful of GOP
defectors and enough antiwar liberal
members to put the supplemental over the top.
The White House has issued a veto threat over the House troop
withdrawal language, and Republicans have also made an issue of almost
$22 billion in spending above the president's request,
including items unrelated to the war or Gulf Coast reconstruction, such
as aid to Pacific Northwest salmon fishermen and additional low-income
home energy assistance.
House Appropriations Chairman Obey and Defense Appropriations
Subcommittee Chairman John Murtha, D-Pa., have drafted a bill with
something for almost everyone, aiming for enough votes despite concerns
from the party's antiwar wing that it does not do enough to
end the war quickly.
Iraq
Supplemental - Senate
Senate Majority Leader Reid has indicated he might try to add language
scaling back the U.S. commitment in Iraq in the Senate version of the
Iraq supplemental, which the Senate will mark up Thursday, while
Senate Appropriations Chairman Byrd said last week he might add funds
for drought relief, veterans' health, homeland security, and
other priorities, similar to House Democrats' approach.
House
and Senate Budget Resolution
The House and Senate Budget Committees will take up their budget
resolutions this week. House Budget Chairman Spratt has said he will
try to avoid trying to overhaul the major healthcare entitlement
programs, but both he and his counterpart, Sen. Kent Conrad, plan to
accommodate a significant expansion of the State Children's
Health Insurance Program.
Spratt has also said his budget will reach balance within five years
and contain a one-year "patch" for the alternative
minimum tax, while the tax-writing
committees get to work on a
longer-term fix so the tax does not affect millions more taxpayers than
it was intended for.
Farm
Bill
The Senate Agriculture Committee has scheduled a hearing Wednesday on
agricultural trade and food aid and how
it relates to the 2007 farm
bill. Government witnesses will include Michael Yost, administrator of
the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service; Thomas Melito, director of the
international affairs and trade team at GAO; and Charles Sandefur,
chairman of the Alliance for Food Aid and president of ADRA
International.
The House Agriculture Specialty Crops Subcommittee will also hold a
hearing Wednesday to review USDA's rural development programs
and the agency's rural development proposal for the 2007 farm
bill.
CEO
Pay
The House Financial Services Committee on Wednesday will mark up
legislation that would require public companies to offer a nonbinding
shareholder vote on approval of their executive pay plans. Supporters
say the bill is necessary to help rein in the skyrocketing pay of chief
executive officers.
Subprime
Lending
The Senate Banking Committee holds a Thursday hearing on ongoing
problems in the subprime lending market, where many lending companies
are collapsing in the face of delinquent loans and an increasing number
of borrowers are facing foreclosure.
Education
The House Education and Labor Committee presses on this week with a
pair of hearings on the No Child Left Behind law, which is up for
reauthorization this year.
Wednesday's hearing will focus on the law's current
method of measuring student progress. The House panel will hear
testimony Friday on the law's impact on English language
learners, a group that has received much attention in recent NCLB
debates. In reauthorizing the landmark law, Education and Labor
Chairman Miller likely will look for alternate ways to measure the
progress of ELL students whose English might not be on par with
grade-level expectations.
The Senate Finance Committee addresses education Tuesday with a hearing
on the much discussed issue of competitiveness.
Climate Change
The House Oversight and Government Reform Committee today holds its
second hearing this year on allegations that the White House revised
scientific reports to downplay the effects of climate change.
Monday's hearing features testimony from Philip Cooney,
former chief of staff of CEQ, who sparked the committee's
probe after he resigned in July 2005 following reports he had removed
or adjusted descriptions of climate research government had approved.
Cooney, who was an oil industry lobbyist before working at CEQ, and
took a job with Exxon Mobil after leaving the White House. Also
testifying is George Deutsch, a former NASA public affairs officer
appointed by President Bush who resigned last year after he allegedly
told public affairs workers to limit reporters' access to a
top climate scientist.
The committee will also hear from CEQ Chairman James Connaughton and
James Hansen, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space
Studies.
On Wednesday, former Vice President Al Gore testifies at a joint
hearing of the House Energy and Commerce Energy and Air Quality
Subcommittee and Science and Technology Energy and Environment
Subcommittee, as well as for a separate hearing of the Senate
Environment and Public Works Committee.
The hearings are part of each committee's effort to draft
global warming legislation that mandates reductions of greenhouse gas
emissions, possibly through a cap-and-trade scheme.
Health
Care
Ways and Means Health Subcommittee Chairman Fortney (Pete) Stark,
D-Calif., will hold a hearing Wednesday on Medicare Advantage,
Medicare's venue for private health plans. Stark has
repeatedly said Medicare Advantage plans are overpaid and wants to cut
back on those payments in the interest of funding other healthcare
priorities.
America's Health Insurance Plans--a staunch defender
of Medicare Advantage--is hoping to prime the pump against
cutting back the program a day ahead of Stark's hearing. AHIP
will release a survey Tuesday of beneficiaries' and
physicians' opinions of Medicare Advantage.
Trade
The House Ways and Means Trade Subcommittee will hold a hearing Tuesday
on free trade negotiations between the U.S. and South Korea. Korean
negotiators will be in Washington this week to continue talks aimed at
finalizing a deal by the end of this month. Negotiators have completed
some chapters of the agreement, and made steady progress in others, but
still must resolve the most difficult issues including market access in
South Korea for U.S. rice and automobiles.
NEWS CLIPS
Florida
Bill Calls for Parental Notification on Sexuality Education
Schools would be required to notify parents about the content of
sex-education classes under a bill
unanimously approved Wednesday by a Senate committee.
From
the Orlando
Sentinel
In-School
Clinics Catch on in Illinois, Languish
in Missouri
The 16-year-old student was congested, sneezing and just feeling
all-around gross. So she left class at East St. Louis High School and
got an appointment at the local clinic. A nurse checked her out, gave
her a decongestant, and she was back in class in under an hour.
From
the St. Louis
Post-Dispatch
Colorado
Lawmakers Weigh Adding HPV Vaccine to Immunization List
Legislators are trodding difficult
territory while trying to decide whether to add the new HPV vaccine to
the list of immunizations given to schoolchildren.
From
Rocky
Mountain News
Shortfall
Endangers Kids' Health Coverage
When Jenci Ruff had trouble seeing the blackboard
in third grade, her
mother was worried. But without health insurance,
and living paycheck to paycheck, the Knoxville family put off a doctor
visit.
From
theDes
Moines
Register
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